Scientists used a synchronized attosecond X-ray pulse pair (pictured purple and green here) from an X-ray free electron laser to study the energetic response of electrons (gold) in liquid water on the attosecond time scale, while the hydrogen (white) and oxygen (red) atoms are “frozen” in time. (Courtesy: Nathan Johnson | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)
Scientists can now follow the movement of electrons and the ionization of molecules in real time tha
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Isabelle Dumé
is a contributing editor to Physics World