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States of matter

States of matter

Experiments pin down conditions that make hot water freeze before cold

05 Aug 2020 Anna Demming
A man wearing laser safety goggles leans over a bench full of optical elements.
Optical tweezers: Avinash Kumar, who built the Mpemba effect apparatus and carried out the experiments under the guidance of John Bechhoefer, at work in the lab. (Courtesy: Prithviraj Basak)
In 1963, a Tanzanian schoolboy called Erasto Mpemba was making ice cream when he noticed something s

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